5.+Native+Americans+-+history


 * 1) [[file:Doc3.docx]]The Indian Removal Act (1830) - Said
 * 2) The Trail of Tears (1838-9) - Philip
 * 3) Manifest Destiny - Andreas
 * 4) The Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) - Johannes
 * 5) The Dawes Act (1887) - Memona
 * 6) The Ghost Dance Movement (1889-1890) - Lan
 * 7) The Wounded Knee-massakren (1890) - Nora

The Indian Removal act 

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The Indian removal act is about the USA taking control over the lands where the fife big tribes (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole) lived. The removal act started in the state of Georgia where it was inhabited by the great tribe known as Cherokee. In 1802 the Georgian legislature signed a compact, an agreement which allowed the federal government to buy and own all the Indian lands in the state of Georgia. ======

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By the mid-1820 the Cherokees suspected that the government would withhold its part of bargain or agreement. The Cherokee Indian tribe, who had owned enormous part of Georgia through many generations, adopted a written constitution. This written constitution made it clear that the Cherokee tribe had complete jurisdiction over it is own regions and territories (also Georgia in this case). Unfortunately for the Native Americans Andrew Jackson was elected as president in 1928, and the problem of making the Cherokee tribe to leave Georgia and move to Oklahoma had concerned Andrew Jackson for quite some time. In 1930 the new elected president of USA put forward a law in congress, which permitted the government to remove the Indians out of their lands, if not willingly then by force. ======

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 A lot of battles were fought between Indians and the army, the four great tribes (Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole) fought for their lands. During these battles a lot of innocent Indians died, but all of the battles were in vain, at the end the Native Americans had to abandon their lands and give up their homes. Within ten years of removal approximately 70000 Native Americans were  forced to migrate from Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Virginia, Tennessee and Florida to Oklahoma ======   [|ttp://www.studyworld.com/indian_removal_act_of_1830.htm] [] [] [] [] 


 * The Battle Of Little Bighorn**

The Battle of Little Bighorn, also called”Custer’s Last Stand”, was a battle during the “Black Hill Wars” (1876–77). This battle was between Native Americans and the 7th cavalry of the United States Army. The battle lasted for two days and was a great victory for the Native Americans. The Native Americans were led by “Sitting Bull”, a chief. This battle was one of two battles won by the Native Americans during the "Black Hill Wars". The other battle won by the Natives was the Battle of Powder River. The Battle of the Rosebud and the Battle of the Slim was won by the US army. 

The trigger for this war was that the white man had found gold on the sacred lands to the Natives in the “The Black Hills” and consequently starting the Black Hill Gold Rush. As a consequence of this Sitting Bull summoned the “Sun Dance alliance” between the Lakota and the Cheyenne in 1875-76. The alliance was a “religious” festival where young men were turned into fighters. The transformation happened around June 5, 1876, near Rosebud River in Montana. The Lakota and the Cheyenne Indians who had attended this festival left to fight the white man.

George Armstrong Custer (December 5, 1839 – June 25, 1876) was a US Army officer and he was the commander of a cavalry troop during the Little Bighorn battle. Lieutenant Colonel Custer and 268 US men were killed by the native people, and more than 700 US men were deployed there.

During this battle part of the US army and L.C. Custer, were forced to a hilltop called Last Stand Hill (because this was the last stand of Custer). This hilltop was not the best position to retreat to. Because there was a fire in the south-east that made it impossible to secure a defensive position around the hilltop. The US men fought bravely and according to the natives’ body count, there were far more natives killed during the attack on Last Stand Hill than on any other parts of the battlefield.

Sources [] [] [] [] Pictures []
 * [[image:G_a_custer.jpg width="246" height="284" align="right"]] ||
 * ** George Armstrong Custer ** ||

**__ The trail of tears __** written by Philip Andersson The Cherokees, who were mostly located in the west and north of the state of Georgia, were threaten by the force of the new settlers of the state when their numbers increased. Between 1790 and 1830 the “Georgians” needed space and wealth, and it was decided by the government in the 1830’s to drive the Cherokee people away from the lands. There wasn’t just because of the land they moved them, but also because they found gold in the river which lies in the northwest of Georgia. In 1838 – 1839 the Cherokees were forced to move west towards the state of Oklahoma in the coldest time of the year, this triggered the event which is now known to us as the trail of tears, or directly translated from the Cherokee: “the trail where they cried”. It was a long route and of all the people who were forced to move, a total of 4,000 Cherokees died. This is one of the more tragic pieces of the American history. Women, men and children were forced to march about one thousand miles, even thought some parts of the journey were travelled by boat, the conditions of which they travelled were awful. The great number of travelers meant that their source of food and other facilities were extremely low, and that many of them gathered deceases which killed them of effectively. The army leaders of the movement decided to do something about the lack of recourses and gave orders to separate the Cherokee travelers so that they could find more food. This speared some lives, but it will not make us forget about the tragic losses that were a huge price to pay. The legend of the Cherokee Rose is a story about the ones who walked the trail of tears. The legend sais that the mothers who suffered the most shred tears which gave life to a beautiful flower when they touched the ground. The reason this happened was because the chiefs would pray to the mother god so that she could give the women power to take care of their children. The rose has white leaves which represented the cold climate that they had to endure, and it has a golden center which symbolizes the gold and the land that was taken from the Cherokee people. The Cherokee rose.

Kilder?

**Manifest Destiny**
My history teacher claimed there was little, if any, use in trying to understand a historical term before one has broken the term down, word by word. "You need to understand the meaning of the //words// before you can fully understand the //historical// meaning." or something close to that. **Manifest** - Adjective: readily perceived by the eye or the understanding; evident; obvious; apparent; plain: a manifest error. **Destiny** - Noun: the predetermined, usually inevitable or irresistible, course of events. A straight forward definition of "Manifest Destiny" would in other words sound something like: //The obvious, predetermined course of events//. Now, with that in mind, the historical meaning should turn out a whole lot more comprehensible.

Manifest Destiny is in many ways a philosophy, or concept, proclaiming the US' right and duty to expand as a nation. Right and duty as in the understanding of an expanding US being equal to expanding democracy and Christianity: A God's mission to be carried out by the US. The term "Manifest Destiny" is mainly referred to the US' expansion westward of the North American continent in the 19th century. The vast areas in which the Native Americans had settled, after being placed there by force. The political term was first introduced by John O'Sullivan in 1845 - although the term was not "official" before 1845, the philosophy of Manifest Destiny was held by many Americans and heavily influenced US policy at late 1800- and early 1900-hundreds. The US expanded into the Native's territory, purchasing the vast land by legal, although in most cases severely unfair, treaties. What triggered the Native's to sell their land seems to be the thought of turning civilized. Live in houses, sleep in beds, eat with forks, etc. The aftermath of the Manifest Destiny led to the Indian Removal Act, signed some decades later. In other words, the philosophy of Manifest Destiny caused great despair, and almost as many tears as the Trail, for the Native Americans.

A historical meaning of the term "Manifest Destiny" could therefore sound something like: //The American philosophy of expanding from coast to coast held by many in the 19th century - an expanding in which the philosophy claims was predetermined and absolutely necessary.// 

[|Manifest Destiny - Historie, Demanding] [|Manifest Destiny - Historie, Short and precise] [|Manifest Destiny - Historisk Definiton]

__** The Wounded Knee Massacr e **__


 * **__Wounded Knee Massacre__** [[image:800px-Woundedknee1891.jpg width="320" height="227" align="center" caption="800px-Woundedknee1891.jpg"]] ||


 * [|Mass grave] for the dead Lakota after massacre at Wounded Knee ||
 * Location ||  ||  [|Wounded Knee Creek], [|South Dakota]  ||


 * Date ||  || December 29 th, 1890 ||
 * Attack type ||  || [|Massacre] ||
 * Death(s) ||  || 84 men, 44 women, 18 children ||


 * Perpetrator(s) ||  || 350-500 troops of the US 7 th Cavalry ||

The Wounded Knee Massacre, also known as “ The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek ”, took place at Wounded Knee, South Dakota December 29 th , 1890. This massacre was the last major armed conflict between a native Indian tribe and the American army (after checking with several sources I’m not 100 % sure as to whom was involved, but the massacre was mainly involving the Dakota Sioux tribe and the United States ). The event is described as a “massacre” due to General Nelson A. Miles ’ declaration about the subject in a letter he wrote to the Bureau of Indian Affairs. On December 29th, 1890, 350-500 (this number vary amongst different sources) troops of the U.S. 7th Cavalry, with four Hotchkiss guns along their side, surrounded a campsite of Miniconjou Sioux (Lakota) and Hunkpapa Sioux (Lakota) Indians near Wounded Knee Creek , South Dakota. The Cavalry was ordered to escort the Sioux tribes to a railroad where they were to be transported to Omaha, Nebraska.

The 7th Cavalry’s visitation was not unexpected. Just one day prior, the Sioux Indians had given up their prolonged flight from the U.S. troops and readily agreed to turn themselves in at the Pine Ridge Agency in South Dakota. Many of them had already done so, and the Indians that met the Cavalry were the very last group - the most headstrong and troublesome bands of the Sioux. The Cavalry intended to gain their acquiescence, and the commander of the Cavalry had been ordered to disarm them before proceeding.

Whilst disarming the Sioux, a deaf tribesman by the name Black Coyote rejected the order to give up his rifle unless he was paid a fair value for it. This set off a chain reaction of events that led to a scene of complete chaos and madmen fighting between both sides in all directions.

By the time it was over, 25 troopers and more than 150 Sioux lay dead, including men, women, and children. A number of soldiers are believed to have been victims of " friendly fire " as the shooting took place in chaotic conditions. Furthermore, around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, but many are assumed to have died the following weeks due to hypothermia.  The Dawes Act is also known as the General Allotment Act and it was approved on February 8, 1887. The Dawes Act is named for its author, Senator H enry L. Dawes of Massachusetts who said: //"...the real aim of [the Dawes Act] is to get at the Indians land and open it up for resettlement." - Senator Henry M. Teller, 1881//. The Dawes Act <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">was passed by the U.S. congress and signed by President Grover Cleveland in 1887 <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. In fact, <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">the law allowed for the president to break up reservations into individual allotments to Native Americans in Oklahoma. The settlements were allotted as follows: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">//“To each head of a family, one-quarter of a section; To each single person over eighteen years of age, one-eighth of a section ; To each orphan child under eighteen years of age, one-eighth of a section; and To each other single person under eighteen years now living, or who may be born prior to the date of the order of the President directing an allotment of the lands embraced in any reservation, one-sixteenth of a section…”// <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The Dawes Act was later amended in 1891 and again in 1906, by the Burke Act. (You can read more about the Burke act if you want to on [])
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">The Dawes Act __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">

The results of the Dawes Act was: - More Indians sold their land. - Indian reservations were split up and often sold to whites. - Indian reservations shrank.

All in all, the primary effect of the Dawes Act was a severe reduction in the quantity of Indian landholdings, from 138 million acres in 1887 to 48 million acres in 1934, the year Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act, which ended allotment.


 * Map of Indian Territory**
 * (Oklahoma), 1885**



(Oklahoma), 1891**
 * Map of Indian Territory


 * Sources:**
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<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif;"> The Ghost Dance Movement was a religion that was renewed by a Paiute shaman with the name Wovoka in 1889(the religion itself originated from the 1870s by his teacher, Wodzibob (Gray Hair). This religion was based on Wovoka's "spiritual insight" during a solar eclipse, where he saw the coming of the new "messiah" telling him about the apocalypse of the white men and the Native Americans would be resurrected and got their lands back and be free from the chains of the white people.
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">The Ghost Dance Movement **

The religion was based on that they were dancing a spiritual dance until they got to meet their ancestors **and** to hasten the incoming apocalypse. The religion was spread throughout the reservations, and even the most famous chiefs (like Sitting Bull) joined this religion as well. The reason why the Native Americans joined this religion was because of their nostalgia and to reject the white man's way of living.

Drawings of the Ghost Dance ritual

As the religion went on, the "BIA" agents felt disturbed by this, and told the government that the religion was a rebellious meeting between the Native American people. This religion ended with the "//Wounded Knee massacre"// in 1890 due to the fear of a military assault by the Native Americans since their meetings grew bigger and bigger.


 * Short summary of the religion**
 * Renewed in 1889 by Wovoka.
 * Based on his vision (the earth swallows the white men, and the resurrected people will take back their lands).
 * The religion is performed by dancing non-stop for five days, then "die" to see their ancestors (thus the name "//Ghost Dance"//).
 * The BIA gets afraid of the religion, and ends up with the "//Wounded Knee massacre"//.

@http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/woundedknee/WKghost.html @http://www.mahalo.com/ghost-dance-movement @http://www.hanksville.org/daniel/lakota/Ghost_Dance.html [] @http://www.legendsofamerica.com/NA-GhostDance.html @http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Dance
 * Sources used :**