6.+Native+Americans+-+Famous+Chiefs


 * 1) ​Chief Big Foot - Askar
 * 2) Chief Joseph - Frank
 * 3) Crazy Horse - Elida
 * 4) Red Cloud - Martin
 * 5) Sitting Bull - Charlotte

You may have heard of the famous Native-Americans chiefs. One of them includes Big Foot ( Sit ȟ áŋk a). In this article I am going to focus on my main contents: · ** Who was Big Foot? ** · ** What was he known for? ** · ** How did he die? **
 * 1. Big Foot ( Sit ȟ áŋk a).**

Big Foot was born in the tribe called Lakota Sioux around 1824 (dead 1890), his father was a leader of a subgroup of the Teton Lakota-Indians (Sioux) named Minneconjou. After his father’s death in 1875, Big Foot was given the role as the leader of the tribe. During his life, Big Foot really managed to reach the demands of a good leader. Among his people, Big Foot was best known as a peaceful man. Instead of using violence to solve a conflict, he better preferred to find another solution to lessen the conflict. One of his distinguished solutions was his political and diplomatic successes. In addition, Big Foot was also known as a really skillful bear-hunter as well. During the 1870s, Big Foot decided to make an alliance with the tribes Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, against their enemies, namely the U.S. Army. Nevertheless, Big Foot and his tribe did not come in any fight with the U.S. Army in the war between 1876 and 1877. After surrendering the Great Sioux war, Big Foot and his tribe (The Minneconjou Lakota) really suffered.

In December 29, 1890, the Wounded Knee Massacre took place. At this moment Big Foot felt extremely ill and he was absolutely worn out. A day before the attack in the Wounded Knee, Hotchkiss cannons were placed by the Colonel James Forsyth’s men. When the soldiers arrived to the Wounded Knee, the Native Americans in the camp where ordered to put down their weapons, but unfortunately a fireman did not probably hear the order from the soldiers. This led to an intense gun-battle between both sides. And as a result of this, approximately 150 Indian men, women and children were killed, and Big Foot was one of them. //The corpse of Spotted Elk at Wounded Knee (1890):// //(// picture //)// //Hotchkiss canon:// (picture)

Sources: [|http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Foot]



=**2. Chief Joseph**=

=
He was the great chief of the Nez Perce and son of Old Joseph. The chief was born in Wallowa Valley (which is now the northeast area of Oregon) with the birth name Hinmuuttu-yalatlat in 1840 and died later on in 1904. His people gave him the names: "Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt" (Thunder Rolling Down the Mountain) and "In-mut-too-yah-lat-lat" (Thunder coming up over the land from the water), but is chiefly called Chief Joseph.======

"My son, my body is returning to my mother earth, and my spirit is going very soon to see the Great Spirit Chief. When I am gone, think of your country. You are the chief of these people. They look to you to guide them. Always remember that your father never sold his country. You must stop your ears whenever you are asked to sign a treaty selling your home. A few years more and white men will be all around you. They have their eyes on this land. My son, never forget my dying words. This country holds your father's body. Never sell the bones of your father and your mother."
 * [[image:http://www.believersministry.org/Partners/First%20Nations/ChiefJoseph5-500.jpg width="293" height="404" align="center"]] ||
 * He has such a great smile xD ||

//-Joseph the Elder to Chief Joseph at the deathbed.//

In 1838, his father took the christian name Joseph and Chief Joseph is sometimes reffered as "Joseph the Younger". Then in 1871 his father dies, and he was elected to succeed after "Joseph the Elder". Chief Joseph was now placed in a bad situation, because more white settlers arrived in Wallowa Valley.  He strongly resisted to move his tribe to the small reservation in Idaho. And two years later a federal order said that the white settlers would leave the Nez Perce alone. Chief Joseph thought he had won, but in 1877 the federal government changed their mind and sent a cavalry attack on the Nez Perce. Chief Joseph believed that if he let his people defence themself, it would only be wasted, so he reluctantly moved the tribe towards Idaho.


 * __Sources:__**

Chief Joseph, Nez Perce (10.December 2009 at 10:21 am) PBS - THE WEST - Chief Joseph (14.December 2009 at 01:44 am) Wilson, James. //The Earth Shall Weep: A History of Native America//. 2000, page 242 (The quote)
 * Chief Joseph:**

3. **Crazy Horse**

Crazy Horse was born on Rapid Reek in South Dakota around 1840. He was an Oglala Sioux, his father was a medicine man, and his mother was the sister of Spotted Tail. At an early age, he observed a lot of the war between the white men and the Sioux. This helped him build the hate he felt for the white men. He cared a lot about the culture and values of his people, and he fought great battles to protect these values, such as the Fetterman massacre December 21, 1866. After the Fort Laramie Treaty, Spotted Tail and Red Cloud settled on the reservations. Crazy Horse became the war chief of the Oglala Sioux. He had three wives, Black Buffalo Woman, Black Shawl, and Nellie Laravie. Because of his marriage to Black Buffalo Woman, he gained a friendship with the Cheyennes. In 1876, Crazy Horse, led around 1500 warriors in an attack against General George Crook and his men, around 1000, and won. Crazy Horse surrendered to the white men. On Fort Robinson September 5, 1877, Crazy Horse died. No one knows exactly how he died.

In 1948, Korczak Ziolkowski and Lakota Chief Henry Standing Bear got mission of making the memorial of Crazy Horse. The memorial is a big statue of Crazy Horse in Black Hills in South Dakota. Today they have only managed to finish the head. When it’s done, it will be the world's largest statue. The nose of Crazy Horse is just as big as the heads of the presidents at Mount Rushmore. There are different opinions of the memorial statue. A lot of Indians thinks it’s against Crazy Horse’s spirit to destroy a beautiful mountain.

**SOURCES:** __[|**http://www.essortment.com/all/fettermanmassa_rfkt.htm**]__ __[|**http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/CRAZYHOR.html**]__ __[|**http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h3755.html**]__ __[|**http://www.crazyhorsememorial.org**]__ **/** __**[]**__

4. Red Cloud
Red Cloud (1822-1909) was a war leader of the Oglala Lakota, the Sioux tribe. He was born near the Platte River, located in Nebraska. Red Cloud was raised by his uncle Chief Smoke, in his early youth he was taught how to fight, which resulted into gaining a lot of military experience. Red Cloud is best known for the war named after him: The Red Cloud’s war which lasted from 1866-1876. The Indians obtained a great success, probably the greatest success ever in the battles between the United States army ​and the Native Americans. Red Cloud’s military achievements forced the US army to make deals with the Indians. The Americans left their fortresses on the Bozeman Trail and gave the Sioux tribe lands in South-Dakota. In particular the Lakotas were given the Black Hills of Montana and Wyoming. Red Cloud continued to fight for the freedom of his people. At the age of 87 he died in the year 1909 under natural circumstances.

Sources: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/494165/Red-Cloud, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War , http://www.essortment.com/all/redcloudwar_rfkq.htm , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cloud

The assignment was written by Martin. Can you find a picture of him? ​

** 5. Sitting Bull **
Sitting Bull, or his real name T ȟ at ȟ áŋka Íyotake, was born near the Grand River in South Dakota, and he lived from 1831 to 1890. He was a chieftain and a spiritual leader for the North-American subgroup, Hunkpapa-siouxene.

Sitting Bull was born with the name “Jumping Badger”, but this name was just a temporary name, and later he got his new name from his father, Sitting Bull. During his early twenties, Sitting Bull became a Sioux holy man, which means that he had different responsibilities. His responsibilities as a holy man included understanding the complex religious rituals and beliefs of the Sioux [|[i]], and he had also the responsibility for learning about natural phenomena that were related to the Sioux beliefs.

In between 1868 and 1876, Sitting Bull became one of the most important Native American Chiefs. In 1876, his most important and famous battle raged against George Armstrong Custer and his 7th Cavalry Regiment. It was the Battle of the Little Bighorn, and Sitting Bull slaughtered the US forces. Their celebration didn’t last for long, because the death of Custer made the US more aware of the Sioux tribes, and after being chased for a long time, Sitting Bull moved his tribe to Wood Mountain, Saskatchewan.

December 15 in 1890, 39 police officers and 4 volunteers moved towards Sitting Bull’s house and they surrounded the house immediately. They knocked on the door, and told him that he was under arrest. At this time the camp was awake and they ran to the house of their chief. It became a fight between the police officers and the Sioux tribe, and the fight ended up with a terrible death of the chief, Sitting Bull. Sitting Bull got shot by the Indian police.

Following his death, his cabin on the Grand River was taken to Chicago to become part of the World’s Columbian Exposition. [|[ii]] As time passed, Sitting Bull also became a character in several Hollywood motion pictures.

[|[i]] [] [|[ii]] []

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Written by Charlotte Amundsen